Israel
Hitchhiking is very common in Israel. Hitchhiking is done by pointing to the ground with the hand far from the body, instead of raising a thumb.
The most usual way to start an hitchhiking journey is to take a bus out of town, to a junction in your direction. Almost every junction has a hitchhiking spot (the famous Trempiyada), or at least a bus station where drivers can stop. It is very hard to hitchhike from the cities themselves, and inter-urban buses are relatively cheap and can get you to the nearest junction.
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Safety
Like always, precaution is needed when hitchhiking, although in Israel hitchhiking is a way of life. You will find hitchhikers everywhere. Your best bet for getting a safe ride in Israel is getting into a car with people who know what they are doing. Even still, caution is necessary.